Lesson Fifty-Six

The Oldest Republic on Earth

Dear History Enthusiasts,

This week, we journey to a tiny yet remarkable nation nestled within the mountains of Italy—San Marino, the world’s oldest republic. While many think of Greece or Rome when discussing ancient democracy, San Marino holds the title of the longest-surviving republic, a political system it has maintained for over 1,700 years!

A Republic Born in Exile

San Marino’s story begins in the early 4th century CE, during a time of intense Christian persecution under the Roman Emperor Diocletian. A Christian stonemason named Marinus fled from the Dalmatian coast (modern-day Croatia) to escape persecution. He took refuge on Monte Titano (shown below), a rugged mountain in central Italy, where he lived as a hermit. Over time, others joined him, forming a small, self-sufficient community.

Marinus declared the settlement an independent republic in 301 CE, based on principles of self-governance and religious freedom. It was not until the year 1463 Pope Pius II Piccolomini bestowed the neighboring towns of Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle to San Marino. Over the centuries, this tiny enclave maintained its independence, even as Italy became a battleground for empires, city-states, and kingdoms.

San Marino’s Legacy

Despite its small size (just 61 square kilometers!), San Marino has withstood invasions, political upheavals, and the rise and fall of European powers. Key moments in its legacy include:

• Medieval Autonomy – By the 13th century, San Marino had an official government structure with two Captains Regent, a system that still exists today. It was a rare example of self-rule in feudal Europe.
• Napoleon’s Respect – In the late 18th century, Napoleon Bonaparte offered to expand San Marino’s territory, but the republic politely declined, valuing its sovereignty over territorial ambition.
• Avoiding Annexation – When Italy unified in the 19th century, San Marino chose to remain independent, a decision respected by leaders like Giuseppe Garibaldi, who once took refuge there.
• WWII and Neutrality – During World War II, San Marino declared neutrality and even provided shelter for thousands of refugees fleeing the conflict.

Today, San Marino remains a symbol of resilience, independence, and democratic governance. It stands as a reminder that even the the tiniest places hold the biggest stories.

Until next time, remember to embrace the lessons of history, but never get caught up in its cobwebs.

Warm regards,

Hugh